hama - that's fun and impressive - thanks for posting it

<<The motor is the supplied graupner speed 400 6-7,2V, so I can't use the 9,6V battery without damageing the motor right?>>
Oh yes you can

. This seems to be the marine version of a Ducted Fan, where you need revs, revs and more revs to get any excitement. The voltage on a "Speed" motor is really a code about the winding wire and resistance, not a restriction on voltage. (It is more like a middle voltage for medium (aircraft) propellors)
I'm not sure which S400 you have, the S400 6V is different to the S4007.2V.
You can run either of them on 9.6 V or more AS LONG AS YOU LET THEM REV HIGH, and keep the Amps below 10! (in other works keep the loads low)
There is another thing - this is a simple motor, and if you run it at high speed or close to 10A it has a limited life. I'm not sure how boaters feel about this, but before the days of brushless motors hard flyers sometimes would change them after 5 flights, in the extreme case. Having said that, I have never cooked a S400 despite running a S400 6V at 12V in a ducted fan.
Before thinking of a bigger motor, try more voltage
after that you could go to a S480 motor - similar size, longer case, more speed, or an inrunner brushless suitable for EDF use as S480 replacement.
More volts and more photos please
andrew