I realise this is a 15cc FSR-V race boat, not a small cargo ship but this should illustrate it well
In the first image, from left to right we have the prop, then a skeg which supports the end of the shaft. Not all propshafts have a skeg, but I'm dealing with 8 horsepower so it's needed. inside the skeg on the prop end is a bushing to support the end of the shaft. At the other end is the end of the shaft outer tube, the stainless steel part. The shaft outer is supported in the skeg by some brass, and in this boat goes through the hull through a brass tube which it's not glued to, so the outer is removable without ripping a hole in the hull, as none of the assembly in this boat is glued in, other than the brass tube through the hull.
In the second image, you can just make out the brass bearing block under the manifold where the other end of the shaft is. This bearing housing contains a shaft retainer and two bearings, coming off the top of this is an oil feed, which at the top right corner you can see the oil cup for.
This is far above what you'd need in a cargo ship, but essentially the same. You have a main shaft with a bushing at each end, and ideally some form of shaft oiler.